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A foodborne zoonotic disease, endemic to Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands, caused by the rat lungworm <i>Angiostrongylus cantonensis</i> and that is acquired by the ingestion of the infective larvae on vegetables or in raw or undercooked snails, slugs, land crabs, freshwater shrimps, frogs and lizards. The main feature is eosinophilic meningitis, with clinical manifestations including fever, headache, malaise, fatigue, vomiting, rhinorrhea, blurred vision, diplopia, cough, stiff neck, ente
Niclosamide uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in A. cantonensis mitochondria by disrupting ATP synthase (ATP5F1A/ATP5F1B subunits) and inhibiting STAT3 signaling. This dual action causes parasite energy depletion while reducing host neuroinflammation through STAT3-mediated cytokine suppression.
Andrographolide enhances GABA receptor binding affinity of ivermectin while simultaneously inhibiting nematode acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and disrupting calcium homeostasis via TRPV channels. The combination creates synergistic neurotoxicity in A. cantonensis through dual GABAergic and cholinergic pathway disruption.
Curcumin upregulates BECN1 (Beclin-1) and LC3B expression while inhibiting mTOR signaling, promoting autophagosome formation in infected neurons. Enhanced autophagy facilitates degradation of Angiostrongylus larvae and reduces neuroinflammation via NLRP3 inflammasome suppression and NF-ฮบB pathway inhibition.
Berberine enhances blood-brain barrier integrity via claudin-5 and occludin upregulation while directly targeting nematode mitochondrial complex I (NDUFS subunits), disrupting ATP synthesis. Simultaneous AMPK activation in host cells promotes metabolic stress resistance and neuroprotection.
Angiostrongylus infection dysregulates host miR-155 expression, affecting SHIP1 and SOCS1 targets, leading to aberrant microglial activation. Therapeutic modulation using antagomiR-155 or miR-155 mimics (depending on infection stage) restores balanced neuroinflammation and serves as treatment response biomarker.
Emodin disrupts vitellogenin (VTG) synthesis in A. cantonensis by inhibiting sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) activation and blocking fatty acid synthase (FASN) activity. This impairs egg production and larval development while reducing parasite burden through reproductive dysfunction.
Modified Goreisan components (polyporus, alisma, atractylodes) enhance aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expression and glymphatic clearance while alisma triterpenes directly inhibit nematode neurotransmission via nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonism at neuronal muscle junctions.