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A complex group of benign and malignant cerebral tumors arising at any age.
Artesunate from Artemisia annua generates reactive oxygen species through iron-catalyzed endoperoxide cleavage, selectively targeting ACSL4-overexpressing glioma cells by promoting arachidonic acid incorporation into phospholipids and subsequent PTGS2-mediated lipid peroxidation leading to ferroptotic cell death
Liposomal curcumin crosses BBB by inhibiting ABCB1/P-glycoprotein efflux pumps, then targets CD133+/SOX2+ glioma stem cells by downregulating Wnt/ฮฒ-catenin and Notch signaling while inducing autophagy via BECN1 and ATG7 upregulation
Bacosides A and B from Brahmi inhibit IDH1-R132H mutant enzyme, reducing oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate production, reversing CpG island hypermethylation, and reactivating tumor suppressor genes including CDKN2A and TP53 through TET2 demethylase restoration
Metformin activates AMPK in peritumoral astrocytes, suppressing mTORC1 and activating TFEB-mediated lysosomal biogenesis, creating a metabolically hostile microenvironment that starves glioma cells of glutamine and lactate while promoting M1 microglial polarization
Shikonin from Lithospermum erythrorhizon (Zi Cao) inhibits MGMT expression via NF-ฮบB suppression while simultaneously activating NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis through GSDMD cleavage, synergizing with temozolomide-induced DNA damage
Withanoside IV and withaferin A from Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) act as molecular chaperones, refolding mutant p53 proteins (R175H, R248W, R273H) to restore DNA-binding function while simultaneously inhibiting HSP90 and inducing proteotoxic stress in glioma cells
Gastrodin from Gastrodia elata rhizome downregulates AQP4 expression in peritumoral astrocytes via NFAT5 inhibition, reducing cytotoxic edema while simultaneously activating GABA-ergic signaling through GABA-T inhibition to suppress glioma cell proliferation and invasion